Reflection in week 5

In week 5, I have learned about topic 4 which is Psychological Foundations of Curriculum.  I have learned about three major theories of learning such as, behaviorist, cognitive-information processing theories and phenomenological&humanistic.

What is psychological?

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.  Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.

Behavioral psychology

Edward Thorndike

- Edward Thorndike is considered the founder. He focused his work on testing the relationship between a stimulus and a response ( classical conditioning ).

- Defined learning as habit formation > knowledge resulted from the accumulation of these stimulus-response.

- Defined teaching >as arranging the classroom to enhance desirable connections & associations as bonds.

- He believe in a positive and negative reinforcement.

  

Cognitive psychology

Jean Piaget

Jean piaget's stages of cognitive development.

Piaget developed a stage theory of intellectual development that included four distinct stages:

i.                    The sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2

ii.                  The preoperational stage, from age 2 to about age 7

iii.                The concrete operational stage, from age 7 to 11

iv.                The formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and spans into adulthood

Taylor's

Taylor's 3 methods of organizing learning experiences:

1. Continuity- learning process must ongoing.

2. Sequence- activity must from simple to complicated

3. Integration- refers to the relationship of curriculum experiences

Bruno

The process of learning suggested by Bruno:

1. Acquisition- the grasping of new information.

2. Transformation- the individual's capacity to process new information and to go beyond it.

3. Evaluation- i) accepting uncertainty

                           complex issues requires "a willingness to be uncertain at times and to know that                                    being uncertain is crucial to the process.

                       ii) expertise is related

                           reflexibility/ ability to decontentualize experience and recontextualise knowledge                                and know how to reflexive practice, kolb's experiential learning and learning                                        organisation theory.

lawrence Kohlberg's (moral judgements)

Kolberg's theory specifies six stages of moral development, arranged in three levels:

vygotsky (zone of proximal development)

howard Gardner ( theory of multiple intelligence )

phenomenological & humanistic

R.M Felder and L.K Silverman's categories an learning styles.

- how information is best perceive.

- the types of information preferentially perceived

Golman

- developed emotional intelligence > interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence.

- constructivism > the learner is the key players, the learner must participate in generating meaning or understanding.

- problem solving > based on inductive thinking, analytical procedures and convergent process.

- creative thinking > includes intuitiveness and discovery and divergent process.

James Conant ( problem solving approach )

1. Recognizing the problem

2. Formulating objective

3. collecting relevant information

4. Formulating an hypothesis

5. Deducing from a hypothesis

Robert Ennis, Matthew Lip Man & Robert Sternberg (critical thinkers )

1. open-minded

2. take a position when the evidence calls for it

3. take into account the entire situation

4. seek information

5. seek precision situation

6. look for options

Maslow ( self- actualizing )

1. survival needs

2. safety

3. love and belonging needs

4. esteem needs

5. knowing and understanding needs            

6. the actualization needs.