Reflection inn week 6

In this week i have learned about curriculum design which curriculum design is an arrangement of curriculum elements into a substantive entity.

• Here is the basic curriculum components:

       - Aims, goals and objectives

       - Subject matter

       - learning experience

       - Evaluation

• Theoretical Framework

Curriculum design Vs Instructional design

> Curriculum design 

- the total plan that arranges the four components into the curriculum 

i.e Objectives, content, learning experience and evaluation

> Instructional design

- refers specifically to one component, the potential experiences for the student, learning activities

( method and organization )

• Science as a sources

- the scientific method provides meaning for the curriculum design.

-Only those items that can be observed and quantified should be include.

• Society

-as well as the local community.

-shows where to modify the curriculum.

• External and devine sources

- curriculum design should be intended to perpetuate society.

• Knowledge as a sources

-one of the prime sources of curriculum.

-disciplined Vs undisciplined knowledge.

• The learner as a sources

- curriculum is derived from what we know about the learner.

- we draw much from the psychological foundations.

-based on cognitive research.

-emphasized "learning by doing"

• Scope

-breadth

-content, topics and learning experiences.

-integration

-linking all the knowledge and experience within the curriculum

-assists in making meaning for the learner.

• Sequences

-ordering of knowledge.

- vertical relationship.

-simple to complex.

-prerequisite

-whole to part

-chronology

-continuity

• Articulation

-interrelatedness of various aspects of the curriculum.

-"lost knowledge" just taught but not related to other learning or lessons.

• Balance

-appropriate weight be given to each aspects of the design.

• Representative curriculum design

-student centered design> content and /or process.

-learner centered design> based on students lives-interest, needs and empowerment.

-problem centered design> focuses on problem of living and society (i.e. work)

• Instructional activities

-presents suggested assignment contributing to the students mastery, including such activities as:

* Group projects

* individual projects

* written work

* oral work

* critical thinking activities

* demonstrations/ simulations

* audiovisual presentations

* projects

* experiments 

Reflection in week 5

In week 5, I have learned about topic 4 which is Psychological Foundations of Curriculum.  I have learned about three major theories of learning such as, behaviorist, cognitive-information processing theories and phenomenological&humanistic.

What is psychological?

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.  Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.

Behavioral psychology

Edward Thorndike

- Edward Thorndike is considered the founder. He focused his work on testing the relationship between a stimulus and a response ( classical conditioning ).

- Defined learning as habit formation > knowledge resulted from the accumulation of these stimulus-response.

- Defined teaching >as arranging the classroom to enhance desirable connections & associations as bonds.

- He believe in a positive and negative reinforcement.

  

Cognitive psychology

Jean Piaget

Jean piaget's stages of cognitive development.

Piaget developed a stage theory of intellectual development that included four distinct stages:

i.                    The sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2

ii.                  The preoperational stage, from age 2 to about age 7

iii.                The concrete operational stage, from age 7 to 11

iv.                The formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and spans into adulthood

Taylor's

Taylor's 3 methods of organizing learning experiences:

1. Continuity- learning process must ongoing.

2. Sequence- activity must from simple to complicated

3. Integration- refers to the relationship of curriculum experiences

Bruno

The process of learning suggested by Bruno:

1. Acquisition- the grasping of new information.

2. Transformation- the individual's capacity to process new information and to go beyond it.

3. Evaluation- i) accepting uncertainty

                           complex issues requires "a willingness to be uncertain at times and to know that                                    being uncertain is crucial to the process.

                       ii) expertise is related

                           reflexibility/ ability to decontentualize experience and recontextualise knowledge                                and know how to reflexive practice, kolb's experiential learning and learning                                        organisation theory.

lawrence Kohlberg's (moral judgements)

Kolberg's theory specifies six stages of moral development, arranged in three levels:

vygotsky (zone of proximal development)

howard Gardner ( theory of multiple intelligence )

phenomenological & humanistic

R.M Felder and L.K Silverman's categories an learning styles.

- how information is best perceive.

- the types of information preferentially perceived

Golman

- developed emotional intelligence > interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence.

- constructivism > the learner is the key players, the learner must participate in generating meaning or understanding.

- problem solving > based on inductive thinking, analytical procedures and convergent process.

- creative thinking > includes intuitiveness and discovery and divergent process.

James Conant ( problem solving approach )

1. Recognizing the problem

2. Formulating objective

3. collecting relevant information

4. Formulating an hypothesis

5. Deducing from a hypothesis

Robert Ennis, Matthew Lip Man & Robert Sternberg (critical thinkers )

1. open-minded

2. take a position when the evidence calls for it

3. take into account the entire situation

4. seek information

5. seek precision situation

6. look for options

Maslow ( self- actualizing )

1. survival needs

2. safety

3. love and belonging needs

4. esteem needs

5. knowing and understanding needs            

6. the actualization needs.                     

Reflection in week 4

              Philosophycal Foundations of Curriculum

In this week i have learned about philosophycal foundation of curriculum. Philosophy is the combination of the Greek word "Philos" (love) and "Sophia" (wisdom) which translated means "love of wisdom". people who seek after wisdom and curious about the world seeking to understand the nature of things. while the Philosophy of education is recognises that the development of a civil society depend on the education of the young as responsible, thoughtful and interprising citizens which is challenging task requiring deep understanding of ethical principle, moral values, political theory, aesthetics and economic. Not to mention an understanding of children themselves.

* Most of the prominent philosophers:

1. Plato                                                                                                              

                                                          

    2. Aristotle                                               

3. Rousseau                                                                                                  

                                                

4. Dewey 

5. Adler

6. Confucius

7. Al Farabi

8. Tagore

Most of this philosophers have been key voices in philosophy of education and have contributed to our basic understanding of what education is can be. Beside that, they also provided powerful critical perspective revealing the problems in educations.

*Philosophy and curriculum

The beginning point in curriculum decision making and is the basis for all subsequent decision regarding curriculum.

* Tyler's views of philosophy in relationship to school purpose.

* Major Philosophies

There are 4 types of major philosophies such as; idealism, realism, pragmatism and existentialism.

1. Idealism

- Search for truth and values that will stand the test of time.

- Group of philosophies which assert that reality or reality is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed or otherwise immaterial.

- Truth&values are seen as a absolute, timeless and universal.

- Idealists stress the importance of learning ideas and concept.

- Believe in reasoning.

2. Realism

- People can come to know the world through their sense

- Use scientific method

- Focus on the physical world, arguing that reality, knowledge and value exist independent of the mind.

- Realists believe that school promote human rationality through observation and experiment.

• Realism Vs Idealism

3. Pragmatism

- Experimentalism, based on change, process, and realitivity.

- knowledge as a process.

- Focus on the ideas of change.

- Believe that knowing represents an exchange between the learner and environment.

- Believe that truth and values are always changing because the people who have those value change with the surrounding environment. 

4. Existentialism

* Educational philosophy

There are also have four types of educational philosophy which is perennialism, essentialism, progressivsm and reconstructionism.

* Educational philosophies

•  Rationalism

      - reality is constructed.

• Pragmastism

      - truth for now.

• Empiricism

      - reality is objective and singular.

5. Adventist

- philosophical based: theism

- aim: restoration of man to god's image

- knowledge: bible values

- focus: Spritual, physical

Reflection in week 3

                            The role of curriculum workers

In this week i have learned about topic 2 which is about the role of curriculum workers. From what i have learned from this topic is there are two types of curriculum workers which is handle in this field of education which is curriculum practitioners which divided into two group such as classroom teacher and school administrators. And the second is curriculum disseminators which divided into four types of curriculum such as curriculum evaluator, curriculum advocates, curriculum developers and curriculum theories. All of this have their own meaning.

a) Curriculum practitioners

Curriculum practitioners are those who are experts and experienced in specific field and planning process to make learning is more meaningful.

> Classroom teacher

Teachers implement the curriculum in teaching through reference books such as textbooks and through various activities.

> School administrators

School administration officers oversee the daily operations of schools.
A school administrator's specific responsibilities differ between organizations, but often these administrators are an important link between students and local communities.  School administration officers advocate for the students within their communities and set goals and objectives to further childrens' education.

b) Curriculum disseminators

The curriculum has been designed correctly for a particular purpose.


> Curriculum evaluator

Evaluation concept is so comprehensive that contains several evaluation activity.


> Curriculum advocates

Collect, examine and assess data for the purpose of the reporting on the effectiveness, efficiency a worth  of the evdeavors and creations of other curriculum workers.


> Curriculum developers

Individual who create a new ideas that are inherent to any.


> Curriculum theorists

Examine the philosophical and ideological of existing curriculum.

Reflection in week 2

In week 2, I have learned about the curriculum and pedagogy definitions. For what i understand is the term curriculum refers to the lessons and academic content taught in a school or in a specific course or program. In other sides, curriculum also something that what can and should taught. Depending on how broadly educators define or employ the term, curriculum typically refers to the knowledge and skills students are expected to learn, which includes the learning standards or learning objectives they are expected to meet; the units and lessons that teachers teach; the assignments and projects given to students; the books, materials, videos, presentations, and readings used in a course; and the tests, assessments, and other methods used to evaluate student learning. An individual teacher’s curriculum, for example, would be the specific learning standards, lessons, assignments, and materials used to organize and teach a particular course.

While the pedagogy is the art, science or profession of teaching. In the other meaning, pedagogy also defined as the exploration of effective teaching and learning strategies. Effective teacher should have a rich understanding of the subjects they teach and appreciate how knowledge in their subject is created, organised, linked to other disciplines and applied to real world-setting. I also learned about the three ways of thinking about teaching which is teaching skills, teaching model and teaching 

relationship.